![]() In our own research, we look at biases related to ontological, epistemological and normative assumptions about causality, probability and complexity. As we shall see, philosophical biases influence, justify and enable scientific practice: in short, they are an integral part of science.īasic philosophical assumptions count as biases because they skew the development of hypotheses, the design of experiments, the evaluation of evidence, and the interpretation of results in specific directions. These are basic implicit assumptions in science about how the world is (ontology), what we can know about it (epistemology), or how science ought to be practiced (norms). There is, however, one exception to this rule, which we call 'philosophical bias'. Such awareness is commonly seen as a crucial step towards making science objective, transparent and free from bias. One example of this is the catalogue of all the biases that affect medical evidence compiled by the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine at Oxford University ( ). The scientific community has made substantial efforts to detect, explicate and critically examine different types of biases ( Sackett, 1979 Ioannidis, 2005 Ioannidis, 2018 Macleod et al., 2015). Scientists are keen to avoid bias of any kind because they threaten scientific ideals such as objectivity, transparency and rationality. ![]()
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